October 3, 2007
David Burchell gives a talk on social exclusion at the State Library of Queensland in association with Griffith Review. The talk works off an essay Burchell wrote entitled Trying to find the sunny side of life' in the Review issue entitled Divided Nation. Burchell says:
I think all Australian cities to some extend or another are prone to the phenomenon of having bits of them drop off the map and the residents of those areas feel disconnected from the whole. The term social exclusion while it is used in all sorts of different ways and has a variety of theoretical backgrounds that don’t always have to go with it, I think conveys that reasonably well. In that sense I think social exclusion identifies issues not simply to do with the absence of wealth in communities but to do with the sense that the community concerned has been cut off from the wider society in one or more ways.
He says that the the concept of social exclusion is a useful hook to hang things on. One useful aspect of it is that it conveys a sense of economic inequality and social inequality and society as such are not the key to all social problems and issues.
Burchell is referring to dysfunctional places such as Glenquarie Estate in Macquarie Fields in western Sydney. He says that:
Citizenship was in my mind when I wrote the essay because it struck me that what clearly people in Macquarie Fields had been deprived of most obviously were elements of their citizenship in the wider community. They felt unable to participate in wider community activities. They didn’t as a whole travel much out of the locality. They never much went to the centre of Sydney and they didn’t feel that the kind of public amenities available in the centre of Sydney were theirs. I think that was not just a problem with the Glenquarie Estate but it’s a problem geographically and spatially in our cities more broadly. And it’s a problem I think in that respect of citizenship if you like, rather than simply social and economic inequality in itself.
T.H. Marshall's argument is then introduced ----you could have a society which had marked inequalities, but these could be tolerable and felt by citizens to be tolerable, if people felt that they had some ownership of the public goods of the community and that they participated in the public life of the community, even if they happened to be less well off than people in another suburb. So:
citizens of areas that you would call massively disadvantaged...are not necessarily fragile, vulnerable creatures. They are often battle hardened, tough creatures looking for a way out of the situation, ready to seize it and in a sense perhaps more practically able to extricate themselves from their difficulties than many more affluent people are..... It is not simply a matter of damage, you are not simply dealing with wounded individuals but also with resourceful people who have abilities to get out of situations and presented with alternatives very often will take them and run with them.
He then uses the riots at Macquarie Fields in 2005 as a way of exploring a history of failed social planning, especially in relation to public housing - from the Garden Cities movement of the early 20th century until today. So the talk goes off in a different direction--urban planning and modernist utopia.
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Marshall is a good way of approaching this I think. Half a century later, our media saturated lives have changed what the varieties of citizenship entail, but it's still relevant. From memory Marshall talked about the right to participate to the full in cultural heritage, which puts Macquarie Fields on a par with Aboriginal Australia. Neither see themselves reflected in either imagery or policy in any positive light.
The importance of Marshall and citizenship is in participation, which is where I see our communications channels, or vectors, being a big part of the problem. Participation is now more mediated than ever before. There's no such thing as reportage of a riot or a street march without some talking head passing judgement on those involved and the issues they're trying to raise. There is a lack of authentic voice.