March 18, 2011
Liberal interventionism in the world of nations is alive and well. The UN has voted for a no-fly zone and air strikes against Muammar Gaddafi's forces in Libya.
The resolution, which is the result of painstaking multilateral diplomacy, lays out very clear conditions that must be met by Gaddafi. As interpreted by Washington it holds that:
• All attacks against civilians must stop.
• Gaddafi must stop his troops from advancing on the rebel stronghold Benghazi, and pull them back from Ajdabiya, Misrata and Zawiya.
• Gaddafi must establish water, electricity and gas supplies to all areas.
• Humanitarian assistance must be allowed to reach the people of Libya.
If Gaddafi does not comply with the resolution the international community will impose consequences and the resolution will be enforced through military action. No foreign occupation is envisaged at this stage.
Martin Rowson
This UN intervention recalls the intervention in the 1999 Kosovo crisis, when NATO planes were dispatched to bomb Belgrade in an effort to stop Serbs from “cleansing” Kosovo, and Europe's failure to act in Bosnia. The policy of intervening in the world's troublespots to uphold democracy was reduced to tatters because of the disaster in Iraq. The era of liberal interventionism in international affairs appeared to be over.
British, French and US military aircraft are preparing to defend the Libyan rebel stronghold of Benghazi. There's no guarantee that a piece of paper will succeeding in protecting the thousands of Libyans in Benghazi from Qaddafi's forces, which are gathering some 100 miles away outside the besieged town of Ajdabiya and have completely surrounded Misrata.
Hillary Clinton said the following in testimony to Congress last week:
I want to remind people that, you know, we had a no-fly zone over Iraq. It did not prevent Saddam Hussein from slaughtering people on the ground, and it did not get him out of office. We had a no-fly zone, and then we had 78 days of bombing in Serbia. It did not get Milosevic out of office. It did not get him out of Kosovo until we put troops on the ground with our allies.
There is no guarantee that military intervention will result in Gaddafi's demise. Liberal interventionism, as realists are quick to point out, needs to be backed by the iron fist of military power. Does that eventually mean troops on the ground?
Ian Buruma reminds us in Revolution from Above in the New York Review of Books:
The principles of “liberal intervention,” or the “right to intervene” to stop mass murder and persecution, were developed in Paris in the 1980s, by Mario Bettati, a professor of international public law, and popularized by a French politician, Bernard Kouchner, who was one of the founders of Médecins sans Frontières. This is how Kouchner described his enthusiasm for liberal intervention with military force: “The day will come, we are convinced of it, when we are going to be able to say to a dictator: ‘Mr. Dictator we are going to stop you preventively from oppressing, torturing and exterminating your ethnic minorities.’”
Liberal interventionism is about saving minorities from death and persecution, not about spreading revolution. Some realists see national interests as paramount, and would make deals with any dictator to protect them.
Update
European countries and the US backed by Arab League members have launched attacks from air and sea against Gaddafi 's regime in Libya. The bombing raids by fighter jets, cruise missile strikes and electronic warfare are aimed at knocking out military units and capability being used to attack rebel strongholds such as Benghazi and Misrata. Air defence systems are being targeted to give the jets clear skies.
Libya may well end up divided into the rebel-held east and a regime stronghold in the rest of the country which would include the oil fields and the oil terminal town al-Brega. There is a strong risk, too, that it will become the region's fourth failed state, joining Iraq, Afghanistan and Yemen. So the the West gets drawn into an increasingly complicated civil war.
What is political endgame here? What is the role the U.S. or the Europeans might be expected to play should Qaddafi fall? What steps will follow should the No Fly Zone and indirect intervention not succeed in driving Qaddafi from power? The best answer is regime change — displacing the Gaddafi government of Libya and replacing it with a new regime built around the rebels.
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Motive?
They should have moved quickly if the motive was to save lives and increase human well being, and that's the only justification for any sort of intervention in the affairs of another. Who wins or loses with a prospective outcome following the current mess?